A review on the occurrence characteristics, ecological and health risks, and remediation technologies of vanadium in environmental media.

Abstract

Vanadium (V) and its compounds are integral to human industry and daily life. However, their extensive application has raised concerns regarding potential environmental accumulation and associated risks under specific conditions. Research shows V can be harmful, but the full extent of its health risks in actual environmental exposure is still under study. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of V's environmental residual levels, critically examines evidence regarding its impact on human health, and discusses recent advancements in V remediation strategies, such as ultrafiltration membrane technology, biotechnology, and electrochemical methods. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are evaluated based on experimental feasibility and economic considerations. Finally, the paper concludes by steering future research towards green and efficient V decontamination methods and suggests specific policy measures for controlling and reducing V pollution sources. In summary, the remediation of V pollution requires the development of targeted strategies that balance efficiency, cost, and environmental sustainability by selecting and integrating physical, chemical, and biological technologies. Future research should focus on developing green and efficient decontamination methods, while policy measures must prioritize pollution control at the source to achieve coordinated management of water and soil environments.

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