Synthesis, properties and applications of nanoporous carbons with graphene sheets.

Abstract

Incorporation of graphene layers into amorphous porous carbon affords hybrid carbonaceous nanostructures with a large specific surface area and high porosity originating from nanoporous carbons and enhanced electrical conductivity, and mechanical strength originating from graphene. These hybrid carbon structures are useful for many important applications, including environmental protection (particularly in air and water purification), catalysis, sensors, energy storage, electronics and batteries, tissue engineering, and many others. Since the methods used to produce these materials strongly influence the final pore architecture, as well as their chemical and mechanical properties and consequently, their applications, it is essential to identify correlations between the properties and functionality of such materials. This review provides a detailed assessment of various methods for producing porous carbon structures with graphene layers, with particular emphasis on graphene oxide as a main component. It presents synthesis methods in relation to the resulting morphologies, adsorption properties, mechanical characteristics, and typical applications. Special attention is given to the syntheses that allow for different contents of graphene oxide and its impact on the properties required for specific applications. The main objective of this review is to present various strategies for creating graphene-based nanoporous materials, with particular emphasis on those in which graphene oxide significantly affects the properties of the final material. The review also highlights the relationship between the carbon precursor materials, the synthesis procedures, and the resulting properties, with special focus on adsorption characteristics that determine their potential applications. A comprehensive analysis of the proposed synthesis strategies could be useful for researchers interested in the preparation and characterization of graphene-based nanoporous materials.

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