Nanotherapeutic interventions for infectious and chronic diseases: From rational design to clinical translation.

Abstract

Nanoformulations represent a transformative advancement in biomedical science, offering precise, efficient, and safer approaches for disease diagnosis and therapy. Nanoscale systems successfully address many of the drawbacks of conventional therapies and offer promising strategies for efficient treatment against important infectious diseases by improving drug penetration, increasing antimicrobial concentrations at infected sites, and facilitating intracellular drug delivery. Similarly, in non-infectious diseases, nanocarriers like liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and lipid-based systems provide localised drug delivery, improve therapeutic efficacy, and reduce systemic side effects in the treatment of cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and arthritic disorders. This review critically evaluates therapeutic applications of nanoformulations across infectious and non-infectious diseases, focussing on design strategies, delivery mechanisms, and clinical progress. It also identifies key challenges and research gaps in translating promising research into effective treatment strategies. Together, these insights underscore the critical role of nanotechnology in next-generation diagnostics, targeted drug delivery, and precision therapeutics.

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