Nanophytosomal encapsulation of Glaucium leiocarpum extract improves glycemic control and renal function in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model.

Abstract

We compared the antidiabetic effects of Glaucium leiocarpum (horned poppy, HP) extract-loaded nanophytosomes with those of free HP extract in a streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rat model. Phytochemical profiling of the HP extract was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Eight experimental groups (n = 6) were treated intraperitoneally for 21 consecutive days, and metabolic parameters including non-fasting blood glucose (non-FBG), body weight, water intake, serum biochemical markers, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were assessed. HP loaded nanophytosomes at the maximum non-lethal dose significantly reduced non-FBG levels to 289.33 ± 14.84 mg/dL (p ≤ 0.05). Body weight increased significantly from 270.83 ± 8.87 g to 303.67 ± 10.58 g during treatment (p ≤ 0.05), representing an approximately 12.1% increase. Furthermore, serum urea levels decreased from 95.17 ± 8.13 mg/dL in the diabetic control group to 60.17 ± 4.25 mg/dL in the group treated with HP (max) loaded nanophytosomes, representing a 36.8% reduction (p ≤ 0.05). No significant differences were observed in creatinine, albumin, or MDA levels among the groups. Notably, the nanophytosomal formulation outperformed the free HP extract in improving metabolic parameters in STZ-induced diabetic rats; however, further studies are necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and evaluate long-term effects.

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