Critical Appraisal of Click Analytical Methods for the Determination of Bisphenol A in Food Samples.

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely used industrial chemical that can migrate into food and beverages, highlighting the need for sensitive and sustainable analytical methods. This review examines published methods for BPA determination in food-related matrices, comparing their analytical performance, practicality, and sustainability. 42 methods were identified and classified by analytical technique. Chromatographic/mass spectrometric and electrochemical approaches predominated, while optical and sensor-based methods showed increasing relevance. The methods were assessed using the CACI scoring system: 36 had sufficient information for evaluation, whereas six remained unscored. Four high-scoring methods were further assessed using eight tools: Analytical Green Star Area, Analytical GREEnness, Modified Green Analytical Procedure Index, Sustainability of Analytical Methods Index, Blue Applicability Grade Index, Carbon Footprint Reduction Index, Violet Innovation Grade Index, and Analytical Method Reliability Index.The comparison highlight trade-offs among ultra-trace sensitivity, operational simplicity, energy consumption, waste generation, and practical applicability. Chromatographic methods generally provided greater sensitivity, whereas electrochemical and optical approaches offered advantages in speed and practicality. The integrated assessment provides a comprehensive framework for comparing analytical workflows and selecting methods suited to routine food monitoring, balancing regulatory requirements with green analytical chemistry principles.

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