A carboxymethyl cellulose-lignin-vanillin-based wound dressing for diabetic wound healing: in vitro and in vivo evaluation with photoacoustic imaging.

Abstract

Diabetic foot ulcers are one of the major infections for diabetic patients, which can be very difficult to treat. In order to create a multifunctional membrane for diabetic wound healing, cellulose (CEL) and lignin (LIG) were separated from sugarcane bagasse, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was synthesized from CEL, and the bioactive substance vanillin (VEN) was added to it to create a CMC-LIG-VEN membrane using a solvent-casting technique. NMR spectroscopy verified the efficient isolation of CMC and LIG, and the synthesized CMC showed an effective carboxymethylation degree of 0.85. The membrane swelled in response to pH, reaching a maximum of 89% at pH 8.5. Furthermore, at 75 µg mL-1, the CMC-LIG-VEN membrane showed antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The membrane demonstrated antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 1329 µg mL-1, and the HRBC membrane stabilization assay revealed an IC50 value of 98 µg mL-1. The membrane showed excellent cytocompatibility at 0-100 µg mL-1 concentration. In vivo studies clearly showed the good wound-healing nature of this membrane. Further evidence of improved blood perfusion and oxygenation at the wound site came from photoacoustic imaging and ultrasound. The CMC-LIG-VEN membrane is promising as a multipurpose platform for diabetic wound therapy.

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