Online Multimodal HILIC-ESI-HRMS/ICP-MS/MS Speciation Reveals Remodeling of Sulfur- and Phosphorus-Containing Metabolites Associated with Gold Nanoparticle Exposure in Transgenic (cp4 EPSPS Gene) Soybean Callus.

Abstract

A multimodal HILIC-ESI-HRMS/ICP-MS/MS workflow profiled sulfur- and phosphorus-containing metabolites in transgenic soybean (Glycine max) calli exposed to 100 μg L-1 gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). Calli were cultured on proliferation medium for 30 days, with or without Au NPs. Thirty-eight analytically supported P- or S-containing features corresponded to 28 putative annotations. Exploratory analysis showed lower relative signals for reduced sulfur metabolites in Au NP-treated calli: methionine (log2FC = -5.20) and l-homomethionine (log2FC = -4.10). Oxidized sulfur metabolites (methionine sulfoxide, cysteine sulfinic and sulfonic acids, cystine, and sulfolactate) were detected only in the Au NP-treated profile. At the same time, thiamine showed a higher relative signal (log2FC = +2.13) in the treated sample. Phosphorylcholine showed a lower relative signal (log2FC = -6.21), whereas LPC(16:0) showed a higher relative signal (log2FC = +1.82) in the Au NP-treated profile. These patterns are consistent with differences in sulfur redox, thiamine-associated, nucleotide-sugar, and phospholipid metabolism.

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