Microfluidic Biosensors for the Detection of Foodborne Pathogens: A Comprehensive Review.

Abstract

Foodborne pathogen detection in complex foods remains challenging because sample preparation and signal readout can be affected by lipids, proteins, and background microorganisms. This review compares microfluidic biosensors by substrate, fabrication route, sample handling, and optical, electrochemical, or nucleic-acid readout. Published studies demonstrate rapid detection in selected food samples, but reported detection limits cannot be compared without their matrices, units, enrichment steps, and assay times. Laboratory performance also does not establish field readiness. Reproducible manufacture, reagent stability, integrated sample-to-answer operation, and validation in authentic foods remain major translational barriers. Orthogonal readouts, CRISPR-assisted assays, and AI-supported interpretation are promising, but their benefit over simpler methods requires direct comparison and independent validation. Future studies should report matrix-specific recovery and performance, test robustness across sites, and address usability, cost, and regulatory requirements before claiming commercial readiness.

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